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In this way it was similar to “home work” ( naishoku) jobs described by Andrew Gordon-including sewing, embroidering, and crafts-that were commonplace among middle-class women after World War I and also did not challenge ideals of women as mothers and household managers. Teaching ikebana or other traditional arts provided women with unprecedented professional opportunities but did not threaten normative gender roles. War widows needed respectable and feasible sources of support other women sought to supplement family income or make an independent living. Hundreds of thousands of Japanese women became licensed ikebana teachers in postwar Japan, when women from all walks of life sought new avenues of employment in a devastated economy.